Dokumenty polsko-krzyżackie wracają do kraju. W pakiecie gotycka rzeźba z Malborka
Do Polski wraca część utraconego dziedzictwa: 73 średniowieczne pergaminy polsko-krzyżackie z XIII–XV wieku ze zbiorów AGAD oraz gotycka rzeźbiona głowa św. Jakuba Starszego – fragment wystroju kościoła NMP na Zamku Wysokim w Malborku. Zwrot ogłoszono w ramach polsko-niemieckich ustaleń dotyczących restytucji dóbr kultury.
W przypadku archiwaliów chodzi o pergaminy o fundamentalnym znaczeniu dla badań nad średniowieczną historią Pomorza i Prus oraz wielowiekowych relacji między państwem polskim a Zakonem Krzyżackim. Najstarszy z dokumentów datowany jest na 1215 rok (przywilej protekcyjny papieża Innocentego III), a najmłodszy pochodzi z 1466 roku i wiąże się z finałem epoki konfliktów – to list żelazny wystawiony przez Kazimierza IV Jagiellończyka dla wielkiego mistrza jadącego na rokowania pokojowe.
Wśród zwracanych pergaminów znajdują się akty nadawcze i przywileje dla Zakonu, dokumenty protekcyjne papieży i cesarzy, a także materiały odnoszące się do granic, sojuszy i porozumień.
„Historyczny dzień!” – nowy etap polsko-niemieckich relacji w obszarze restytucji dóbr kultury, fot. MKiDN
W czasie II wojny światowej: po zajęciu Warszawy rozpoczęły się planowe grabieże archiwów, a część zbioru została wywieziona – najpierw na terenów Prus Wschodnich, a następnie do Berlina. Po polskiej stronie pozostały jedynie materiały zastępcze w postaci tzw. „zastawników”, a jeden z dokumentów uznano za zaginiony.
Równolegle do archiwaliów ogłoszono zwrot malborskiej rzeźby: głowy św. Jakuba Starszego, będącej elementem większej figury z południowej ściany kościoła NMP na Zamku Wysokim. Rzeźba została uszkodzona w 1945 roku podczas walk o twierdzę, a kilka lat później jej fragment miał zostać nielegalnie wywieziony z Polski; ostatecznie trafił do zbiorów muzealnych w Niemczech. Powrót głowy ma pozwolić na scalenie obiektu z zachowanym korpusem i ponowną, pełniejszą prezentację zabytku w Malborku – już nie jako „oderwanego” eksponatu, lecz części większej całości.
„Historyczny dzień!” – nowy etap polsko-niemieckich relacji w obszarze restytucji dóbr kultury, fot. MKiDN
Eksperci podkreślają, że zwrot średniowiecznych pergaminów to nie tylko sukces symboliczny, ale także realne wzmocnienie zasobu źródłowego dostępnego w Polsce. Oryginalne dokumenty wraz z pieczęciami, formułami kancelaryjnymi i materialnymi śladami użytkowania, stanowią bezcenne świadectwo epoki, której wydarzenia do dziś kształtują wyobraźnię i pamięć historyczną. W najbliższym czasie instytucje archiwalne i muzealne mają przedstawić kolejne informacje dotyczące procedury przekazania, stanu zachowania obiektów oraz dalszych prac konserwatorskich i opracowania naukowego.
Zwrot wpisuje się w szerszy trend intensyfikacji działań restytucyjnych: zarówno po stronie polskiej, jak i niemieckiej rośnie presja, by porządkować wojenne straty i domykać otwarte sprawy dotyczące dzieł sztuki, archiwaliów i zabytków sakralnych.
W trakcie konsultacji międzyrządowych ministra Marta Cienkowska przekazała stronie niemieckiej dziewięć wniosków restytucyjnych obejmujących 35 utraconych zabytków. Wśród nich są niezwykle cenne dla polskiej kultury obiekty, w tym:
- fragment średniowiecznego rękopisu z zapisem hymnu „Gaude Mater Polonia” z Biblioteki Seminarium Płockiego,
- manuskrypty i listy z Biblioteki Ordynacji Zamojskiej,
- trzy rękopiśmienne dzienniki Stefana Żeromskiego,
- medalion z kolekcji gołuchowskiej książąt Czartoryskich z XII w. z manufaktury w Limoges,
- eksponaty kolejowe z Muzeum Komunikacji w Warszawie,
- XV-wieczny dzwon z kościoła w Porębie Wielkiej (woj. małopolskie).
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